Paper code |
Title of the paper |
No. of hours per semester (Lecture +Practical) |
No. of hours per week (Lecture and Practical) |
ESA Duration |
CA (Continuous Assessment) |
ESA (End Semester Assessment) |
Maximum Marks |
|
ES211 |
Environmental Biology and Ecosystem Dynamics |
90+72 |
5 |
4 |
3 hrs |
25 |
75 |
100 |
ES212 |
Environmental Geology |
90+72 |
5 |
4 |
3 hrs |
25 |
75 |
100 |
ES213 |
Natural Resources and Energy Management |
90+36 |
5 |
4 |
3 hrs |
25 |
75 |
100 |
ES214 |
Practical I |
|
|
|
4 |
25 |
75 |
100 |
Paper code |
Title of the paper |
No. of hours per semester (Lecture +Practical) |
No. of hours per week (Lecture and Practical) |
ESA Duration |
CA (Continuous Assessment) |
ESA (End Semester Assessment) |
Maximum Marks |
|
ES 221 |
Environmental Chemistry |
90+72 |
5 |
4 |
3 |
25 |
75 |
100 |
ES222 |
Environmental Techniques |
90+72 |
5 |
4 |
3 |
25 |
75 |
100 |
ES 223 |
Environmental Pollution and Toxicology |
90+36 |
5 |
2 |
3 |
25 |
75 |
100 |
ES 224 |
Practical II |
|
|
|
4 |
25 |
75 |
100 |
Paper code |
Title of the paper |
No. of hours per semester (Lecture +Practical) |
No. of hours per week (Lecture and Practical) |
ESA Duration |
CA (Continuous Assessment) |
ESA (End Semester Assessment) |
Maximum Marks |
|
ES231 |
Remote Sensing and GIS |
90+36 |
5 |
2 |
3 |
25 |
75 |
100 |
ES231 |
Environmental Genetics, Microbiology and Biotechnology |
90+72 |
5 |
4 |
3 |
25 |
75 |
100 |
ES233 |
Environmental Meteorology and Climate change |
90+36 |
5 |
2 |
3 |
25 |
75 |
100 |
ES234 |
Practical |
|
|
|
4 |
25 |
75 |
100 |
ES235 |
Project |
36 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
Paper code |
Title of the paper |
No. of hours per semester (Lecture +Practical) |
No. of hours per week (Lecture and Practical) |
ESA Duration |
CA (Continuous Assessment) |
ESA (End Semester Assessment) |
Maximum Marks |
|
ES241 |
Environmental Waste Management and Engineering |
90+36 |
5 |
2 |
3 |
25 |
75 |
100 |
ES242 |
Environmental Economics, Impact Assessment and Disaster Management |
90+36 |
5 |
2 |
3 |
25 |
75 |
100 |
ES243 |
Environmental Policies and Laws |
90 |
5 |
|
3 |
25 |
75 |
100 |
ES244 |
Practical IV |
|
|
|
4 |
25 |
75 |
100 |
ES235 |
Project Work |
108 |
|
6 |
|
|
|
100 |
|
Viva - Voce |
|
|
|
|
|
|
100 |
Total 1800 |
1. Introduction: Concept and scope of environmental Science; concepts of environmental biology, ecosphere and biosphere; ecological factors and variables
2. Biomes an habitats: Classification of biomes – Terrestrial biomes- tundra, taiga, grasslands, deserts, evergreen and deciduous forests, tropical rain forests and their characteristics – flora and fauna; Classification of aquatic habitats – fresh water; ponds, rivers, lakes, lagoons; wetlands – their characteristics, flora and fauna marine habitats – pelagic, benthic, inter tidal, estuarine, mangroves.
3. Ecosystem Dynamics: Introduction – Concepts, characteristics, kinds and structure, ecosystem functioning – food chain, food web, ecological pyramids of numbers, biomass, energy, inverted pyramids, ecological energetics – energy flow, ecological efficiency; prey – predator relationship; niche segregation.
4. Development and evolution of ecosystems – ecotone and concept of edge effects, ecological niche and ecosystem stability; evolution – succession concept; primary and secondary succession; allogenic and autogenic succession’ theories of succession; ecosystem modelling.
5. Ecological interactions: Neutralism, symbiosis, commensalism, mutualism, antagonism, antibiosis, parasitism, predation, competition – intra specific and inter specific; ecological and environmental significance of interactions.
6. Population Dynamics: Concepts of population, population growth – density, natality, mortality and growth curves, life tables, age structure, function and equilibrium; population regulation – biotic potential, environmental resistances and Earth’s carrying capacity; factors of population regulation – density dependent and density independent.
7. Limiting factors of environment: Concept of limiting factors, laws of limiting factors – laws of minimum and tolerance, combined concept of limiting factors, Liebig’s and Shelford’s law.
8. Biogeochemical cycles: Nutrient cycling in the ecosystems – gaseous cycles (carbon and nitrogen), sedimentary cycles (phosphorus and sulphur); impact of man on nutrient cycles.
9. Ecoinformatics: concepts and principles.
RECOMMENDED READINGS
1. Botkin, Daniel B. 2011.Environmental Science: Earth as a living planet, John Wiley and Sons, New Delhi.
2. Miller G. Taylor and Scot Spoolman. 2011. Essentials of Ecology, Books/ Cole Learning, U.S.A.
3. Odum, E.P. 1971. Fundamentals of ecology, W.B. Saunder Company, Philadelphia
4. Dash, M.C.1994.Fundamentals of ecology, Tata McGrHill, New Delhi.
5. Chapman. J.L. and Reiss, M.J. 2005. Ecology Principles ad Applictions, Cambridge University Press, London.
6. Verma P.S. and V.K. Agarwal. 1985. Principles of Ecology. S. Chand and Company, New Delhi.
7. Sharma P. O. 1996.Environmental Biology, Rastogi Publications, Meerut.
1. Introduction: Origin and evolution of the earth; geological time scale. Plate tectonic – sea floor spreading ad continental drift; forces acting on the surface of the earth – tectonic and diastrophic forces.
2. Minerals and Rocks: Definition of minerals. Physical properties of minerals; brief overview of formation, forms, textures, structures, classification of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. Environmental impacts of mining and various mitigatory measures.
3. Earth’s surface processes: weathering of rocks – physical, chemical and biological; erosion, transportation and deposition of earth’s materials by streams, wind and glaciers, development of land forms.
4. Study of interior of earth: crust, mantle and core.
5. Natural hazards: Earthquake – cases, effects, distribution and prediction; Volcanoes – types, distribution , products of volcanic eruption and its environmental impact; Landslides – slope stability, factors affecting slope stability, causes, effects and prevention of landslides; tsunamis – causes, characteristics, effects.
6. Soil: Factors affecting soil formation; chemical and mineralogical, physical properties of soil – texture, bulk density, permeability; chemical properties – cation exchange capacity (CEC), pH, macro and micro nutrients.
7. Water: Global distribution of water; chemical composition of sea water and fresh water n land; glaciers – physical and chemical aspects, recession of Himalayan glaciers, glaciers as an index of climate change.
8. Ecohydrology: Hydrologic cycle and hydrologic budget, inventory of the earth’s water, global water balance, drainage basin – characteristics; stream classification and ordering.
9. Precipitation: Mechanism, forms and types, rain gauge; radar and satellite analysis of precipitation; presentation and interpretation of precipitation data; precipitation characteristics in India, seasonal changes – global warming effects.
10. Groundwater: Source, occurrence and movement of groundwater; water table; geologic formations as aquifers; aquifer types; quality criteria of groundwater for drinking and irrigation purpose; groundwater contamination; water table fluctuations – environmental influences, fluctuations due to evapo transpiration, fluctuation due t meteorological phenomena, urbanization; ground water recharging and ran water harvesting.
11. Use of topographic maps and environmental geologic maps in environmental studies.
RECOMMENDED READINGS
1. V.P. Singh, 1994.Elementary hydrology, Prentice – Hall of India.
2. Reghunath, H.M. 1996. Hydrology – Principles, analysis and design, New Age international publisher.
3. K. N. Duggal and J. P. Soni, 1996. Elements of water resource engineering; New Age international publisher.
4. Strahler, A. N. and Strahler, A.H. 1987. Physical Geography.
5. Strahler, A. V. and Strahler, A.A 1973. Environmental Geoscience, Wiley International.
6. Read, H. H. Rutley’s Elements of Mineralogy. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
7. Tyrell, G. H.1948. Principles of Petrology.
8. Todd, D. K. 1980. Ground Water Hydrology.
1. Natural Resources: Concepts and major types of natural resources, land resources; land use and land cover, land use change, drivers of land use change, impact of land use on environment.
2. Soil and mineral resources: Overview of major soil types and mineral deposits of India with special reference to Kerala; acidic, alkaline and saline soils – reclamation techniques.
3. Forest resource: Overview of major forest types in India with special reference to Kerala – their characteristics; social forestry – multipurpose tree species (MPTs), Nitrogen fixing tree species(NFTs) – characteristics; community participation; pattern of planning; ecorestoration of eroded hillslopes and degraded Jhum land.
4. Agro forestry – origin and definition, types; tree and crop management, models for hill farming – three tier system, contour – tree – green hedge – crop farming system.
5. Biodiversity: Introduction, levels, importance; organisms – evolution and distribution in space and time; hotspots of biodiversity, gene pool, climate and its impact on biodiversity of flora and fauna; Threats to biodiversity: endemic, endangered and threatened species; IUCN threatened species of plants and animals; Red Data book.
6. Biodiversity conservation: Convergence and divergence in species; sustainable exploitation; strategies for conservation; global agreements and national concerns; RAMSAR sites, CBD quarantine regulations; Biodiversity Act, IPRs; Bio piracy – cause and effect; protection of wildlife – role of WWF, WCU, CITES, TRAFFIC.
7. Water resource: Global distribution and extent – global, national and regional; politics of water; water resources types – surface water, ground water; water availability and uses, fresh water shortages, impact of climate change on fresh water resources, management and conservation of water resources.
8. Watershed management: Concepts, objectives, planning and measures; landuse planning for watershed management; water harvesting and recycling; flood control and watershed management; socioeconomic aspects of watershed management.
9. Energy and Environment: Human energy requirement, energy use pattern in different parts of the world and its impact on the environment; energy use pattern in India, sources of energy and their classification; fossil fuels – classification; energy content of coal, petroleum and natural gas; exploration/ mining; geothermal energy.
10. Bio energy: Biomass composition and types; conversion processes; biogas production – anaerobic digestion, energy from wastes; nuclear energy: fission and fusion, nuclear fuels refining, enrichment, fuel fabrication and fuel cycle; solar energy: harnessing of solar energy, solar collectors and concentrators, solar electricity generation, photovoltaics; solar energy utilization in India; Wind energy: wind power, harnessing of wind energy, power generation – wind mills; wind energy potential in India.
RECOMMENDED READINGS
1. Daniel, D. Chiras and Reganold, John, P. 2009. Natural Resource conservation: Management for a sustainable Future, Addison Wesley, Boston
2. Thapar, S. D. 1975. India’s forest Resource, Macmillan India, New Delhi.
3. Rajora Rajesh. 1998. Integrated Watershed Management: A field Manual for Equitable, Productive and sustainable Development, Rawat Publications, Jaipur.
4. Abbasi, S. 1997. Wetlands of India: Ecology and threats; Discovery Publishing House, New Delhi.
5. Kesler, P. 2002. Mineral Resources: Economics and Environment, CBS Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi
6. Ghosh, S.K and Singh, R. 2003. Social forestry and Forest Management, Global Vision Publication, New Delhi.
7. Dwidei, A.P. 2003. A text book of Silviculture. International Book Distributors, Dehradun.
8. Jha, L. K. 1995.Advances in Agro forestry, APH Publication Corporation, New Delhi.
9. Biswas, A.K. 2007. Water resources: Environmental Planning, Management and Development, McGraw – Hill, New Delhi.
10. FaiFUng, C and Ana Lopez, Mark eds. 2011. Modelling the impact of climate change on water resources, Wiley Blackwell.
11. Boyle, G. Bob Everett and J. Ramage. 2003. Energy System and Sustainability, Oxford University Press, New York.
12. Sudhakara Reddy, B.P. Balachandra. 2006. Eergy, Environment and development, Narosa Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
1. Identification of flora and fauna (4 each) of terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems
2. Identification of phytoplankton and zooplankton(either freshwater or marine)
3. Qualitative estimation of phytoplankton by Lacky’s Drop Method and Zooplankton by Sedge wick - Rafter Cell Method
4. Estimation of primary productivity – Light and Dark bottle method – effects of depth and light
5. Community Study: quadrat method; flora and fauna study by frequency, density and abundance – line transect method
6. Megascopic identification of rocks, rock forming minerals and ore minerals
1. Introduction: Concept and scope of environmental chemistry, Major environmental segments, Natural cycles of environment: Hydrological cycle, Carbon cycle, Oxygen cycle, Nitrogen cycle, Phosphorus cycle, Sulphur cycle.
2. Atmosphere: Regions of the atmosphere stratospheric chemistry- oxygen and ozone chemistry, Green house effect/ Global warming, Chlorofluorocarbons, ozone depletion, Consequences of global warming: Minimizing future emissions of Green house gases. Tropospheric chemistry- The principle of reactivity in troposphere, The Tropospheric oxidation of methane, Photochemical smog, Rain, snow, and fog chemistry, formation and composition of acid rain, Atmospheric aerosols, Oxidation of atmospheric SO2 . Chemistry of urban and indoor atmosphere.
3. Hydrosphere: Water resources, Distribution of species in aquatic systems, Gases in water, Organic matter in water, Chemistry and composition of sea water and fresh water, pH and pE, pE- PE diagrams, Complexation in natural and fresh water.
4. Lithosphere: Soil formation, Factors controlling soil formation: soil profile, classification of soil, Composition of soil, water and air in soil, Micro and macronutrients, Soil physical and chemical properties, acid base and ion exchange reactions in soil, Wastes and pollutants in soil, Hazardous wastes and contamination of soils and sediments.
5. Toxic Organic Chemicals and Heavy Metals: Pesticides – Classification, degradation, analysis, Pollution due to pesticides, Organ chlorine pesticides –structure and chemistry, DDT, bioaccumulation and biomagnifications. Organophosphates and cabamate insecticides: structure and chemistry. Natural and green insecticides – sources, target insects, Integrated Pest Management. Heavy metals Speciation and toxicity of heavy metals, Bioaccumulation of heavy metals.
6. Non pesticide toxic Organic Compounds of Environmental concern: Dioxins, Furans, Poly Chlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs), Poly cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PCAHs) – Sources Structure, Health impacts.
7. Radioactivity and nuclear energy: Types of radiation, Units of radioactivity, Detection and measurements of radioactivity, radioactive nucleus decay, Radon from U 238 decay sequence, Health threats from Environmental radiation. Fission and fussion Reactors, the future of fission based nuclear power, nuclear accidents and environmental impacts.
8. Chemistry of Biologically important molecules: structure, classification and function – carbohydrates, lipids, proteins.
9. Green Chemistry: Principles, designs and applications.
RECOMMENDED READINGS
1. Baird, C. And Cann, M (2005). Environmental Chemistry. W.H. Freeman and company, New York(Pub)
2. Manahan, S. E. (1999). Environmental Chemistry. Lewis Publishers, U.S.A.
3. Dara, S.S. (1993). A textbook of Environmental Chemistry and Pollution Control. S. Chand, New Delhi
4. Armikar, H. J (1995). Essentials of Nuclear Chemistry. New Age International, New Delhi
5. Lehninger, A. L. Principles of Biochemistry (1984). CBS Publishers and Distributors, Delhi
6. Hamir S. Rathor. (2012). Pesticides: Evaluation of Environmental Pollution by CRC Press
7. Lenihan, J. M. A. And Fletcher W.W. (1976). Energy Resources and the Environment. Academic Press
8. Santra, S.C. (2004). Environmental Sciences. New Central Book Agency, Kolkata
1. Sampling and sample preparation: Sampling of air, water, soil and sediment, chain of custody procedures, representatives of sampling sites, grid method, sampling efficiency, sampling equipment, preparation and preservation of samples for various parameters, selection of appropriate analytical techniques.
2. Physico- chemical methods for analysis for soil and water analysis: Definition and determination of pH. EC, DO, BOD, COD, nutrients, macro and micro, trace elements measuring equipment.
3. Analysis of metal ions: Principles, theory and instrumentation of colorimetry, Spectrophotometry, Spectrometry – Atomic absorption, Flame Emission and Inductively coupled plasma mass emission Spectrophotometry.
4. Separation techniques: Chromatography – principles and types – paper, ion exchange, TLC – extraction reagents and applications. Gas chromatography – principles, instrumentation, GC-MS – environmental applications, electrophoresis – principles, types and applications.
5. Biological analysis: Primary productivity, collection and identification of phytoplanktons, microbes in air, water and soil- bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes – enumeration, isolation techniques – serial dilution, pour plate and spread plate, pathogens in air, soil, and water – bioindicators of pathogens in drinking water/ surface water – analysis of coli forms- MNP techniques, molecular methods – PCR, DNA microarray.
6. Statistical methods: Measures of central tendency and dispersion, arithmetic mean, geometric mea and harmonic mean, measures of dispersion – standard deviation, mean deviation, mean coefficient of variation, Hypothesis testing, significance and correlation, linear models and regression, correlation coefficients, multiple regression difference among means, F test, one and two way ANOVA.
7. Basic principles of field experiments: Randomization, replication and local control, layout and analysis of data of CRD, RBD, Latin square designs, factorial designs, split plot and strip plot design.
8. Computer application in environmental research.
RECOMMENDED READINGS
1. Zar, Jerrold, H. 1998. Bio statistical Analysis, Prentice Hall, NJ
2. Wayne R Ott. 1995. Environmental Statistics and Data Analysis, CRC Press
3. Manly.2001. Statistics for Environmental Science and Management, Chapman and Hall, CRC
4. Date, C.J. 1986. An introduction to Database System, Addison Wesley, UK
5. Medhi, J. 1992. Statistical Methods, Wiley Eastern, New Delhi
6. Barnett, Vic. 2006. Environmental Statistics: Methods and Applications, John Wiley and Sons, New Delhi
7. Bender, G.T., W.K Saunders. 1972. Chemical instrumentation. A laboratory manual base on Clinical chemistry
8. Christian Gary, D. 2001. Analytical Chemistry, 5th edn. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York
9. APHA – AWWA- WPCF.2012. Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water. Washington, D.C
1. Introduction: Pollution, definition, sources: point and non point sources, types of pollution and their global, regional and local aspects.
2. Air pollution: Types and sources of air pollutants, natural and anthropogenic, indoor and vehicular pollution, industrial air pollutants, effects of air pollutants on flora, fauna, and sinks of atmospheric gases, biological indicators of air pollutants – bio monitoring, air pollution indices.
3. Water pollution: Sources of water pollution and their contamination, types of pollutants – domestic, agricultural and industrial, various industrial effluents – pulp and paper, distilleries, tanneries, food industries, oil and refineries, petrochemicals, iron and steel industries, domestic wastes, agricultural wastes, pesticides, storm water, eutrophication – causes and effects.
4. Soil pollution: Causes of soil pollution, effects of pesticides on soil components, residual effects and pollution. Synthetic fertilizers and their effects on soil, industrial effluents and their interaction with soil components.
5. Radiation pollution: Radioactive decay, interaction of radiation with matter, units of radioactivity and radiation dose, nuclear reactors, noise pollution _ Basic properties of sound waves – plane and spherical waves, sound pressure, loudness and intensity levels, decibel, source of noise pollution – measurement and analysis of sound, measures to control noise pollution.
6. Thermal pollution: Definition and sources, chemical and biological effects of thermal pollution, effects on water quality, oil pollution and marine ecology, sources of oil pollution, factors affecting fate of oil after spillage, light pollution – sources and effects.
7. Toxicants in the environment: History of toxicants – principles of toxicology – toxicants and toxicity, factors affecting toxic substances in the environment, their types – degradable & non degradable, sources & entry routes. Eco toxicology: introduction to ecotoxicology, eco system influence on the fate and transport of toxicants, transport of toxicants by air & water, transport through food chain, bio transformation & bio magnification, influence of ecological factors on the effects of toxicology, global dispersion of toxic substances – dispersion & circulating mechanisms of pollutants.
8. Man & environmental toxins: Routes of toxicants to the human body – inhalation, skin, absorption, oral, injection, ADME – adsorption, distribution, metabolism & excretion, response to toxin exposure – dose response relationship, frequency and cumulative response, acute and chronic toxicity, lethal and sub lethal doses, analysis of NOEL, LD50 & MLD. Detoxification in the human body – detoxification mechanisms – organs of detoxifications. Carcinogens, mutagens & teratogens, toxicity testing procedures.
9. Environmental health: Concepts & scope, global & regional perspectives, basic requirements for a healthy environment, environmental quality human exposure & health impact, environmental diseases – asbestosis, silicosis, synopsis, asthma, flurosis & allergies, Communicable diseases – cholera, dysentery, typhoid, jaundice.
10. Industrial pollution & chemical safety: Extent of industrial pollution, public exposure from industrial sources, industrial environmental accidents, occupational safety & health, the relationship of occupational hygiene / safety & disease, principles & methods of occupational health, health problem due to industrial dust, heat, chemicals, noise, toxic gases & metals.
RECOMMENDED READINGS
1. Manahan, S. E. 2000.Environmental Chemistry, Lewis Publishers, New York
2. Fellenberg, G.1999. Chemistry of Pollution, John Wiley and Sons, New Delhi
3. Trivedi, R.K. and Goel, P.K.2010. An introduction to Air pollution, DVS Publication, New Delhi
4. Abbasi, S.A. and E. Ramasami. 1999. Biotechnological Methods of Pollution Control, University Press, Hyderabad
5. Pery, G. 1980. Introduction to Environmental Toxicology, Elsevier, Amsterdam
6. Hayes, W.A. 2001. Principles and Methods of Toxicology, CRC,USA
7. Wright, D.a and Welbourn, P. 2002. Environmental Toxicology, Cambridge University Press, London
8. Klaassen, C.D. and Watkins, J.B.2003. Essentials of toxicology, MsGraw Hill Professional, New Delhi
9. Jacobson – Kram, D. 2006. Toxicological testing handbook:Principles, Applications and Data Interpretation, Taylor and Francis, New York
10. Walker, C.H., R.M. Sibly, S.P. Hopkin and D.B.Peakall.2012. Principles of Ecotoxocology, CRC Press, Ney York
11. Environmental Chemistry: A.K De
12. Environmental Chemistry: B.K. Sharma and H. Kaur
13. Handbook of environmental Health and Safety _ Principles and Practices (Vol II): H. Koren, Lewis Publishers
1. Methods of sampling – water, air & soil / sediment.
2. Physico chemical parameters – salinity, pH, conductivity, free CO2, alkalinity, TDS, TSS, total hardness, turbidity, DO, BOD, COD, NO2, PO4, SiO3, fluoride, Determination of potability of water using coagulant demand, chlorine demand & residual chlorine.
3. Air characteristics – analysis of particulates (dust fall method) and gaseous components – oxides of C/N/S.
4. Estimation of organic C (titrimetric method), total N (Kjeldahl method).
5. Flame photometry – Na & K.
6. Chromatographic techniques – paper, TLC, amino acids, plant pigments.
7. Computer application – using word, excel, power point.
8. Calculation of mean, median mode & standard deviation, chi square, ANOVA, regression, correlation, tests of significance.
9. Study of probability with 2 coins tossing experiment.
1. Concepts and foundation of remote sensing: Basic processes in remote sensing-data acquisition- energy resources and radiation principles, propagation of energy through atmosphere, energy interaction with earth’s surface features, retransmission of energy into the atmosphere and generation of sensor data- data analysis. Active and passive remote sensing; sensors, platforms and scanners; principles of scanner and CCD array; special features of remote sensing.
2. Aerial remote sensing: Advantages of aerial remote sensing, elements of photographic systems- films, aerial cameras, filters. Classification of aerial photos and processes of aerial photos; elements of image interpretations, interpretation keys; interpretation of photographs and image for environmental analysis.
3. Photogrammetry: Geometric characteristics of aerial photographs, scale of photographs, stereo models; principles of stereo photography; relief displacement, parallax and measurement of height and slope, convergence and evidence, aerial mosaics, orthophotography, photogrammetric instruments.
4. Types of sensors: Thermal, multispectral (MSS), microwave, lidar: basic definition and principles, general characteristics, spectral resolution and interpretation, applications in environmental monitoring.
5. Satellite remote sensing: Advantages of satellite remote sensing; types of satellite orbits- polar and geostationary; satellite characteristics: orbit, swath, resolution, scale. Overview of satellites: landsat, SPOT, IRS, NOAA, Cartosat, oceansat, IKONOS, QUICKBIRD, ERS, RADARSAT, INSAT satellites- their sensors, geometry and radiometry, orbital characteristics, data products and applications.
6. Digital image processing: Digital image formats, file structures, image rectification and restoration, image enhancement, image classification- supervised, unsupervised, ground truth data and training set manipulation; data merging.
7. Geographical information system (GIS): Introduction, definition, historical evolution, components, basic principles; data models: vector and raster data; spatial and non spatial data; Map projection; defining spatial relationships; spatial analysis: measurements; queries; buffering and neighborhood functions; map overlay; network analysis; spatial interpolation- TIN, DEM, DSM; advances in GIS-Web GIS, open geospatial consortium (OGC); FOSS in GIS; data mining; Bhuvan geoportal.
8. Global positioning system(GPS):System segments, GPS satellite signals, GPS error sources, calculating locations, differential GPS and GPS in differential mode; applications of GPS in environmental studies.
9. Applications of remote sensing and GIS: Applications in forestry and wildlife management; survey, mapping and monitoring of land use/land cover; soil and agriculture; water resources; urban planning; disaster management; health studies.
RECOMMENDED READINGS
1. Thomas, M.L and Ralph. W Kiefe, 1987. Remote sensing and Image interpretation, John Wiley and Sons, New York
2. J.R. Jenson, Remote Sensing of the Environment – An earth resource perspective. Pearson Education
3. J.R. Jenson, Geographic Information System: Routledge
4. Heywood, An introduction to GIS, Pearson Publishers
5. N.K. Agaral, 2004. Essentials of GPS. Spatial Networks Pvt. Ltd. Hyderabad
6. Jhanwar, M.L and Chouhan, I.S.1998. Remote sensing and Photogrammetry – Principles and Applications
7. Narayan, L. R.A. 1999. Remote Sensing and its Applications. Universities press
8. Clarke, K.C.1997. Getting started with Geographical Information System. Prentice Hall, New Jersey
9. Anji Reddi, M.2000. Remote sensing and Geographic Information System
10. Stephen Wise. 2002. GIS basics, Taylor and Francis, New York
11. Demers, Michael n. 1996. Fundemantals of GIS. John Wiley & Sons
12. Fisher Peter. 1995. Innovations in GIS 2. Taylor and Francis, New York
13. Askne Jain. 2005. Sensors and environmental Applications of Remote Sensing. A. A. Balkeme Publishers.
14. Chang Kang – Tsung. 2002. Introduction to GIS. Tata McGraw Hill
15. Chrisman and Nicholas. 1997. Exploring GIS, John Wiley and Sons.
1. Central dogma of molecular genetics, experiments to show DNA as the genetic material, DNA replication, mutations change the sequence of DNA, a gene codes for a single polypeptide, recombination occurs by physical exchange of DNA, genetic code is triplet.
2. Mutation- occurance, kinds of mutation, spontaneous & induced mutation, mutagens, detection of mutation, lethal mutations, biochemical mutations, phenotypic effects of mutation, molecular basis of mutation, significance & practical applications of mutation.
3. Expression of genetic information: From transcription to translation- the relationship between genes and protein, the transcriptions: the basic process, transcription and RNA processing in eukaryotic cells, encoding genetic information, decoding the codons: the role of transfer RNAs.
4. Chromosomal variation in number & structure: Euploidy, non disjunction & aneuploidy, aneuploid segregation in plants, aneuploidy in humans, polyploidy in plants & animals, induced polyploidy, applications of polyploidy, chromosomal mosaics, polytene chromosomes, deletions, duplication, inversions, translocation, position effect, centromeric & non centromeric breaks in chromosomes, chromosomal rearrangements in human being, chromosomal aberrations.
5. Scope and importance of microorganisms: Microbial ecology- microorganisms in different environments- soil, water and air, major groups of microorganisms: extremophiles; space microbiology; classification- nutrition- growth- metabolism and regulation.
6. Methods of enumeration and identification- Culture dependent techniques- enrichment serial dilution, pour plate, spread plate and streak plate methods; culture independent techniques using molecular tools.
7. Metagenomics: Environmental genomics, eco genomics or community genomics- PCR, DGGE, FISH, FAME analysis, gene amplification, sequency and molecular phylogeny and stable isotope probing(SIP) techniques.
8. Microbial interactions: Microbe vs microbe; microbe vs plants; microbe vs animals; role of microorganisms in cycling of elements- carbon, nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorus cycles.
9. Role of microorganisms in the degradation of natural and manmade compounds- pesticides recalcitrant chemicals, persistent organic pollutants (POP).
10. Applied microbiology and biotechnology: Use of microbes in waste water treatment, environmental applications of extremophiles- methane production; production of enzymes, cellulose, protease, amylase; alcohols and acids; bio composting- aerobic and anaerobic.
11. Bioremediation- concept, principles and applications; types- insitu, exsitu; microbes involved; rhizoremediation, phycoremediation, biomining: microbial leaching of low grade mineral ores; molecular probes for organisms in mines and mine tailings.
12. Basic techniques in genetic engineering- gene cloning, introduction of cloned genes into new hosts using plasmids and phase vector systems; expression of genes in new host, genetically modified organisms (GMO) and their environmental implications.
RECOMMENDED READINGS
1. Alan Scroog, 2005. Environmental Biotechnology, Oxford University Press, New York
2. Jemba, P.K. 2004. Environmental Microbiology, Science Publishers, USA
3. Srivastava, M.L. 2003. Basic Environmental Microbiology, Manohar Books, New Delhi
4. Raina, M., I. Pepper and C. Gerba. 2006. Environmental Microbiology, Academic Press, New York
5. Murugesan, A. G. And Rajkumari, C. 2006. Environmental Science and Biotechnology, MJP Publishers, Chennai
6. Berger, M.W. 1996. Genetics – Strick, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi
7. Leninger, A.L. 1984. Principles of Biochemistry. C.B.S. Publishers & Distributors, Delhi
8. Rick, Lewis. 1998. Human Genetics – Concepts and Applications – 3rd edition.
9. Benjamin Lewin. 2000. GenesVII. Oxford University Press Inc. New York
10. Baker, K.H and D.S. Herson. 1994. Bioremediation. Mc Graw Hill. Inc. New York
1. Motions of the earth and seasons, earth- sun relationship; Earth’s radiation balance latitudinal and seasonal variation of insulation.
2. Temperature, humidity and wind; formation of clouds and precipitation.
3. Fundamentals of meteorology: Atmospheric thermodynamics- equation of state of dry and moist air, specific heats and application of laws of thermodynamics, thermodynamics processes, temperature lapse rate and inversion; hydrostatic balance and atmospheric stability; scales in meteorology; energy budget near surface, planetary boundary layer.
4. Micrometeorology: Effects of topography; applications to vegetated surfaces, urban areas- urban climatology- heat dome, human beings and animals, impact on the physiology of plants and animals; stress induced changes.
5. Pollution meteorology: Application of meteorological principles to transport and diffusion of pollutants; diffusion and turbulence, mixing height; effect of meteorological factors on air pollution, size and structure of plume, dispersion of air pollutants- Gaussian model, reaction of pollutants in air forming smog, PAN, acid rain.
6. Climatology: Elements of weather and climate, climatic controls, energy balance in the atmosphere, elementary ideas about weather systems, climatic classifications; climates in India; monsoons of India.
7. Pollution Climatology: Preliminary concepts of climate change; seasons in India; Monsoons; El Nino and ENSO; enhanced greenhouse effect- global warming; GHGs in the atmosphere; effects of global warming.
8. Science of Climate Change: Drivers of climate change- greenhouse gases, aerosols- reflective and black, feed-back processes in climate systems, global warming potential (GWP), radiative forcing.
9. Clean Technology: Imperatives of clean technology in the context of mitigation and adaptation measures. CDM concept, CDM scenario in India, CDM projects sector wise national action plan on climate change, sustainable habitat, concept of green architecture, carbon trading, carbon credits; carbon sequestration, carbon footprints, issues of energy security, food security and social security
RECOMMENDED READINGS
1. Arya, S.P. 1999. Air Pollution Meteorology and Dispersion, Oxford University Press, London
2. Introduction to Micrometeorology(1998): S. Pal Arya, Academic Press
3. General Meteorology (1974) H.R. Bryers, Mc Graw – Hill
4. Finlayson – Pitts. 1986. Atmospheric Chemistry: Fundamental and Experimental Techniques, John Wiley and Sons, New Delhi
5. Hess, S.L. 1959. Introduction to Theoretical Meteorology, Holt Renehart and Winston, New York
6. Berry, F. M., E. Bollay and N. R. Beerss. Hand Book of Meteorology
7. Barry, R.G. and R. J. Shorty. Atmosphere, Weather and Climate
8. Rajan, C.K and P. A. Menon. Climates of Kerala, Classic Printers, Cochin
1. Models of genetic significance- syndrome, sex linked inheritance- colour blindness, web toes etc.
2. Sterilization techniques, culture media preparation: serial dilution, plating isolation and identification of bacteria and fungi: physiological and biochemical.
3. Staining- simple and Gram’s
4. Microscopic counting of microbes using haemocytometer.
5. Measurement of microbes using ocular and stage micrometer.
6. Estimation of coliform bacteria in water by MPN.
7. Study and interpretation of aerial photography and satellite imageries.
8. Study of topographic sheets and interpretation.
1. Air pollution control measures: Limestone injection and fluidized bed combustion, desulfurization; catalytic converter and control of vehicular emission, gravity settling chamber, centrifugal collectors- cyclone collectors and dynamic precipitators; electrostatic precipitator; fabric filters.
2. Waste water treatment: domestic and industrial; preliminary treatment, primary treatment; collection and pumping, screen chamber, grit chamber, oil and grease removal, dissolve air floatation; biological treatment: principles, designing of biological unit operation in waste water treatment; stabilization pond, aerated pond, aerated lagoons, activated sludge process, trickling filter, anaerobic treatment- different models- combination of attached and suspended growth; aerobic, anaerobic and sequential treatment designs.
3. Specifications of drinking water(physical, chemical and bacteriological ) by BIS and WHO, packaged drinking water; drinking water treatment; collection and pumping, aeration, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, disinfection, water softening; advance treatment methods: demineralization, ultrafilteration, reverse osmosis, colour and odour removal by activated carbon, arsenic, iron removal.
4. Solid waste treatment: Industrial and municipal solid wastes; basic concepts- collection, transportation and disposal- open dumps, ocean dumping, landfills, incineration, composting and vermin composting, recycling and reuse.
5. Hazardous wastes: definition, types and characteristics; management; medical and hospital wastes; nuclear and radioactive wastes- types, hazards, storage and management; electronic wastes (E waste): sources and types, constituents, recycling of e waste.
6. Waste hierarchy, polluter pays principle, waste management policies; energy recovery from wastes.
RECOMMENDED READINGS
1. Santra, S.C. 2001. Environmental Science, New Central Book Agencies Pvt. Ltd. Kolkata
2. Abbasi, S.A and E. Ramasami. 1999. Biotechnological Methods of Pollution Control, University Press, Hyderabad
3. Reddy, Jayarama P. 2011. Unicipal Solid Waste Management: Processing, energy recovery global examples, BSP Books Pvt Ltd. Hyderabad
4. Met Calf and Eddy, 1991. Waste Water Engineering, Tata Mc Graw Hill
5. Waste Water treatment for Pollution Control, Aceivala, Tata McGraw Hill
6. Waste Water treatment plan design. 1997, A manual of practice, Water Pollution Control Federation
7. Chereminsinoff, N.P. 1996. Biotechnology for waste and waste water treatment, William Andrew Publishing, New York
8. Bhatia, S.C. 2007. Solid and hazardous waste management. Atlantic Publishers and distributors.
9. Khan, M.K. 2004. Hospital Waste Management: Principles and Guidelines, Kanishka Publishers, New York.
1. Economy and Environment; Nature and scope of environmental economics; economics and ecology; economic problems of resource depletion and pollution; economics of natural resources exploitation; economics of pollution- optimum level of pollution; economics of climate change.
2. Cost- benefit analysis (CBA): Types of benefits and costs; methods of valuation of environmental costs and benefits; market value approach of environmental costs and benefits; CBA applied to environmental protection- in a case study. Economic growth and external cost.
3. Environmental auditing: Objec6tives, frequency and criteria; audit team, environmental appraisal, accounting and environmental audit. Environmental guidelines for siting of industry, green balance sheet (GBS), status of compliance of mandatory and voluntary requirements for industries- mineral, cement, pesticide and textile.
4. Environmental impact assessment (EIA): definition, concepts and characteristics of EIA; participants, stages and types EIA. Environmental inventory. Baseline data on EIA- environmental data, project data and project alternative data. Measurement of impact- physical, social, economic, natural; Public participation in environmental decision making; Framework of environmental assessment; description of environmental setting; environmental impact factors and area consideration. Environmental impact statement (EIS) and environmental management plan (EMP).
5. Environmental impact analysis: Impact identification and methods of impact identification- adhoc method, checklist, matrix, network and overlay; impact prediction and predictive methodologies, impact evaluation (assessment) and impact mitigation.
6. Environmental impact analysis of air, water, noise, vegetation and wildlife environment with case studies. Review of procedures, practices and guidelines for EIA in India.
7. Environmental hazards: Definition- hazard, vulnerability, risk and disaster; classification of hazards; causative factors of hazards.
8. Hazard mitigation: Identification of hazard prone belts, hazard zonation and risk assessment; risk reduction in vulnerable areas, developing warning systems, forecasting, emergency preparedness, education and training activities, planning for rescue and relief works.
9. Disaster management: Capability, vulnerability, risk- preparedness and mitigation; disaster management cycle- crisis management and risk management. Components of crisis management- quick response & relief, recovery, rehabilitation; component of risk management- risk identification & assessment, risk reduction, risk transfer, disaster management act and policy.
10. Natural hazards: Earthquakes, tsunami, volcanoes, floods, landslides, avalanche, cyclone, drought, fire- prediction, perception, mitigation and management.
11. Man made hazards: Hazards due to dams and reservoir, hazards due to nuclear power plants, industrial hazards, occupational hazards, mitigation measures.
12. Environmental health hazard and risk assessment: Biological, chemical, physical and psychological health hazard; health risk assessment and management.
RECOMMENDED READINGS
1. Allen. V. Kneese and James L. Sweeney. 1985. Handbook of Natural Resources and Energy economics. North Holland
2. Oates, W. E. 1992. Economics of the Environment
3. Field, B. C. 1994. Environmental Economics: An Introduction, Mc Graw Hill
4. Sankar, U. 2001. Environmental Economics, New Delhi: Oxford University Press
5. Ian Hodge. 1995. Environmental Economics Macmillan Press Ltd, London
6. Karpagam, M. 1993. Environmental Economics – A text book, Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd New Delhi
7. Rajaraman, N. 1997. Environment Audit. The Management Accountant
8. Charles, H. Eccleston. 2011. Environmental Impact Assessment. CRC Press, New York
9. Anjaneyulu, Y and Manickam, W. 2010. Environmental Impact Assessment Methodologies, BSP Books Pvt Ltd, Hyderabad
10. Lawerence, D.P. 2003. Environmental Impact Assessment: Practical solutions to recurrent problems, John Wiley and Sons, New Delhi
11. Glasson, Therivel and Chadwick. 1999. An Introduction to Environmental Impact Assessment, UCLA, Los Angeles
12. Morris, P. And R Therivel. 2011. Methods of Environmental Impact Assessment, Spoon Press
13. Canter, L. 1996. Environmental Impact Assessment, McGraw Hill, New Delhi
14. Weston, J. 1997. Planning and EIA in Practice, Longman
15. Srivastava, D.C. 2005. Readings in Environmental Ethics: Multidisciplinary perspectives, Rawat Publications, Jaipur
16. J.G. Rau and D.C. Woolen. EIA Handbook., McGraw Hill Book Co
17. A.K. Srivastav. 2003. EIA. A.P.H Publishing Corporation
18. G.H. White (ed). Natural hazards – local, national, global: Oxford University Press
19. A. N. Strahler and A. H Strahler, 1973. Environmental Geosciences – Interaction between natural systems and man: Santa Barbara, California, Hamilton Publishing
20. K.S.Vaidya, 1987. Environmental Geology. Tata Mc Graw Hill
21. Cutter, Susan, L. 1999. Environmental Risks and Hazardous. Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi
22. HillMcJurie, Ian Mason and C. Kilburn. 2002. Natural Hazards and Environmental Change. Oxford University Press, New York
23. Gupta, Harsh K. (2003). Disaster management, Universities Press (India) Pvt. Ltd
24. Jha, Madhan Kumar. 2010. Natural and Anthropogenic Disasters; Vulnerability, Preparedness and Mitigation, Springer.
1. Environmental policy in ancient India: medieval India, British India during post independent era; environmental history of India.
2. National Environmental Policy and Regulatory framework: Rules and regulations of Central and State Government and Pollution Control Boards for Environmental Protection; Environmental policy 2006, Environmental policy resolution, legislation, public policy strategies in pollution control; International and National Conservation agencies.
3. Environmental standards: International and national; ecomark, green funding and taxes, trade and environmental management; Intellectual Property Rights – Scheme of labelling of environmentally friendly products (ecomark), Public Liability Insurance Act 1991; Environmental Management and ISO certification: Environmental Management Systems (EMS), ISO 14000.
4. International Environmental Laws: Evolution and development of International Environmental Laws with reference to Stockholm conference, Nairobi Declaration, Rio Conference, Rio+5 and Rio+10; Global environmental issues and International Laws to control global warming, ozone depletion, acid rains, hazardous wastes; role of UN authorities in protection of global environment; convention on biodiversity; convention on climate change, Kyoto Protocol.
5. Environmental Laws in India: Legal, administrative and constitutional provisions for environmental protection in India; Green bench; Constitutional and Statutory laws in India; statutory protection of human environment- Factories Act of 1948, Motor Vehicle Act, Indian Forest Act of 1927; the Mines and Minerals Act of 1957; Hazardous Waste Legislation for pollution abatement, Anti Pollution Acts- The Water Act 1974; The Air Act 1981, The Environment Protection Act 1986; The national environment appellate authority act of 1997; The wildlife Protection Act 1972; The Forest Conservation act of 1980; Biodiversity Act 2002.
6. Transitional Environmental policy: Indus river basin, the Ganga- Brahmaputra river basin systems; Major environmental movements in India- Chipko movement, Appiko movement; Narmada dam, Tehri Dam, Almetti Dam.
7. Sustainable development: Concepts and growth of the idea, indications of sustainability, models of sustainable development, sustainable development scenario- global, national.
8. Ecotourism: Definition, concepts and principles; types of ecotourists; scope for ecotourism in Kerala, India; benefits of ecotourism.
9. Environmental ethics: Concept of environmental ethics, philosophies of biocentrism and ecocentrism, application of ethics to environmental issues, eastern and western philosophical traditions/ religious treaties on the relationships between humans, animals and the natural environment; ecofeminism; environmental equity and justice.
10. Environmental education: Meaning and scope- principles and objectives; environmental awareness strategies; formal and non formal education; action plants.
RECOMMENDED READINGS
1. Environmental Law in India – Gurudeep Singh. MacMillan, New Delhi
2. Environmental Law and Policy in India, Shyam Dian and Armin Rosencrany. 2001. Oxford University Press, New Delhi
3. ISO 14004 – Environmental Management Systems: General Guidelines on Principles, systems and supporting techniques (International Organisation for Standardisation - Switzerland).
4. Srivastava, D.C. 2005. Readings in Environmental Ethics: Multidisciplinary perspectives, Rawat Publications, Jaipur
5. Divan, Sand Rosencranz, A. 2001. Environmental Law and Policy in India. Oxford University Press. New Delhi.
6. Misra R.P. 1995. Environmental Ethics, Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi
7. Mridula and N.Datt.1993. Ecology and Tourism. Universal Publishers Distribution. New Delhi.
1. Vermicomposting technique
2. Production of biogas from waste
3. Landfill design and design criteria
4. Study on the impact of chosen waste materials on seed germination
5. Exercises on estimation, composting and segregation of solid waste
6. Designing of activated sludge system
7. Environmental impact assessment of any 2 of mining / hydroelectric project / highway construction project / industries and the preparation of Environmental Impact Statement and Environmental Management Plan using conventional methods.
8. Preparation of disaster management plan with respect to any one disaster (flood, tsunami, landslide, earthquake).
9. STUDY TOUR and REPORT: Study tour for five days to environmentally significant or hot spots. It includes field and institutional visits. They shall submit a detailed report of field work at the time of practical examination of semester IV.
An original research work on a selected topic to be undertaken by each student under the guidance of a supervising teacher. The work is to be started in III semester and continued to IV semester. Submit the same as the project report at the end of IV semester.
Model Question paper (theory)
Time: 3 hours Maximum Marks: 75
1. Writ brief answers of 10 (out of 12) of the following 10X2=20
2. Give brief account of 5(out of 7) of the following 5X5=25
3. Write essay on 2 (out of 3) of the following 2X15=30
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